Decision Making Techniques in Managerial Accounting

Managerial accounting comprises all the financial information needed to help managers make educated decisions and do their job duties efficiently. A typical manager’s responsibilities with managerial accounting include interpreting finance reports and projections and using those to make financial decisions that will affect the company. Since managers have to make routine decisions and finalize reports periodically, it is vital that they are able to conduct healthy decision making processes and are able to come to make quick educated conclusions. While there are plenty of decision making models to utilize with business situations, when it comes to making maximizing decisions the best one to use is the rational decision-making model. BSE†¦show more content†¦The Rational Decision-Making model is filled with eight steps that ensure through review of all items and possibilities that occur. The first step is to identify the problem at hand, the second step is establishing selection criteria in order to filter all candidates, and the third step would be evaluating the previous set criteria for true importance and rank. The forth step is making substitutes for all options and then step five is assessing those completely. The sixth step is choosing the best choice and step seven is when the final decision is put into practice. Last, the final most important step is to regroup and review the decision and how it affected the problem (Bauer Erdogan, 2010). When making decisions it is imperative that the prime decision maker keeps in mind various traps that will hinder the entire process. These barriers can cloud judgment, completely delay the process of giving a final verdict, or can serve as a devastating lost to the decision maker because of bad choices. The most delaying trap that can occur doing normal decision making processes is called analysis paralysis, which happens by gathering too much information and not being able to reach a final consensus because of it (Bauer Erdogan, 2010). Another very common fatal trap is anchoring, which occurs when too much emphasis is placed on a single amount of information or selectionShow MoreRelatedBUS 630 Final Paper1617 Words   |  7 PagesDecision Making with Managerial Accounting Managerial accounting is essential for decision making. Making the best choice depends on the managers goals, the anticipated results from each alternative, and the information available when the decision is made (Schneider, 2012). The different techniques associated with managerial accounting are very helpful in the decisions that need to be made. In order to truly understand decision making with managerial accounting one must first discern exactlyRead MoreDecision Making With Managerial Accounting1563 Words   |  7 PagesDecision Making with Managerial Accounting Accounting is the process charged with the identification, measurement and the communication of economic information in the aim of allowing the desired users in making the correct decisions and judgments. Accounting has two branches depending on the users. Managerial accounting isuseful to core users unlike financial accounting which is more essential to exterior users. Management accounting is, therefore, the identification, analysis, recordRead MoreManagerial Accounting1152 Words   |  5 PagesManagerial Accounting 12/3/15 Managerial Accounting Accounting is a crucial part in running a business. There are various forms of accounting that can be used, it is very important to know which technique is best to use for what companies. Once you figure out a particular technique to use, it is important to keep an open mind if there are any changes that need to take place in the business. By keeping an open mind helps the business adjust and be able to make the right decisions. Every businessRead MoreFinancial Accounting And Managerial Accounting1613 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Both financial accounting and managerial accounting provide important information about the business process. On the one hand, financial accounting provides only financial information to its internal users and external users. On the other hand, managerial accounting basically communicates about financial and non-financial information with internal users such as managers, employees and owners of the company. In other words, managerial accounting provi des information to managers who directRead MoreAccounting753 Words   |  4 PagesCampbellsville University School of Business and Economics SYLLABUS Course Title: ACC 601 Managerial Accounting Semester/Dates: Graduate Term 1: August 29, 2011 – October 23, 2011 (Traditional MBA) Meetings: Thursday (6:00 PM – 10:00 PM), AD 25 Faculty: Dr. Sunny Onyiri Office: AD 29-b Phone: (502) 365 4424 Read MoreApplying Personal Managerial Accounting Problems1296 Words   |  6 PagesACT510Z-AGAC02S-01-Accounting Theory for Management Decisions, by Dr. Miller which is a hybrid class; and 2. FIN540X-A1-07-Managerial Finance by Dr. Anne which is a fully online class Outcomes from my first course ACT510Z to My Workplace The course outcomes for the ACT510Z-AGAC02S-01-Accounting Theory for Management Decisions - by Dr. Miller (Sullivan University, 2015a, P1) are: †¢ Solve various managerial accounting problems †¢ Utilize critical thinking skills in addressing various managerial accounting issuesRead MorePort Authority Analysis1245 Words   |  5 PagesAuthority exploits managerial accounting techniques to increase profit margin and maintain its competitive edge over the neighboring airports. Meanwhile, managerial accounting instruments assist terminal managers in recognizing, measuring, analyzing, deciphering, and conveying data information to realize the Organizations goal (Hilton Platt, 2017). With a balanced scorecard implemented, all managers, including managerial accountants, use the strategy for accurate decision-making to reduce cost andRead MoreManagerial and Financial Accounting1235 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Part 1 Managerial and Financial Accounting: Key Differences Several differences exist between the above branches of accounting. To begin with, when it comes to financial accounting, the financial reports prepared are primarily utilized by external users including but not limited to regulators, creditors and stockholders (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009). On the other hand, managerial accounting reports are primarily meant for internal users i.e. managers and other officers of the firm. TheseRead MoreWhy An Ais ( Accounting Information System Is Not Optional But Mandatory1443 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial accounting is the procedure that encompasses the planning of financial reports on the organization for utilization by both inside and outside parties. Clients of these related reports incorporate investors, speculators, lenders, administrators, managers, unions, as well as external government agencies. Conversely, managerial accounting is the procedure of recognizing, measuring, investigating, and imparting financial information required by administration and management to plan, arrangeRead MoreEssay about Financial Accounting versus Managerial Accounting Matrix640 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Role of Financial Accounting versus Managerial Accounting Matrix Compare and contrast financial accounting and managerial accounting by answering the following questions in the matrix provided. Cite any sources you use in accordance with APA guidelines. Term or Concept Financial Accounting Managerial Accounting What is the primary purpose of the accounting system? The main purpose of financial accounting is to prepare financial reports that provide information

The Negative Effect of Divorce on Children Essay - 941 Words

The Negative Effect of Divorce on Children Divorce has a negative effect on the psychological and social aspects of our children, which may appear instantly or not come to the surface for years. This is why I think that divorce should only be a last resort and not rushed into even by couples with the most troubled marriages. The only acceptable reason for someone rushing into divorce is if they or their children are in danger. I believe that marriage is a commitment not to be taken lightly and disregarded at the first bump in the road especially when there are children involved. Far too many people do not want to take responsibility for their actions and choices; for example, people use abortion as birth control and couples’ jumping in†¦show more content†¦Sometimes divorce has the opposite effect and actually causes more issues for them and their children. Marriages are difficult and require work; some days you have to choose to stay no matter how you feel. You made that commitment and every marriage will arrive at bumps in the road or crossroads. You will not always agree on every issue and sometimes life’s hardships will add unneeded stress to an already rocky situation but if you take a stand and chose to wait it out issues have a way of working themselves out. Some marriages end because one spouse decides that the grass must be greener on the other side. This is a cowardly and selfish way to look at your marriage. There should be enough love and respect in your relationship where you can go to your spouse and say that this need is not being met and you’re struggling. I believe if your marriage is based on honesty, faith and trust that there is no mountain that you can’t climb together. The sun may not always be shining but together you can learn to dance in the rain. I am one of those children; that was negatively affected by divorce. I grew up in a broken home with step parents and step siblings. My relationship with my parents was far from ideal and out of four siblings, I’m only close to one older sister. Now for me when I decided to get married, I expected it to last. I did my absolute best to keep my family from falling apart. IShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Divorce On Children1072 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the Negative Effects of Divorce on Children When I was five years old I was forced to make a choice. This was a choice many children should not have to make and can never really be prepared for. My parents were getting a divorce and they decided it was in my best interests to give me the option to live with whomever I chose. It was a burden that to this day affects my relationship with one of my parents. Ultimately, I chose to live with my mother and from then on, my father would barelyRead MoreNegative Effects of Divorce on Children Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesNegative Effects of Divorce on Children Divorce has a strong negative effect on children. The children are brought into the family and then ripped out of what they know is right or of their norms. James M. Henslin defines the family as being two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption (445). When married you are instantaneously put into a family. When two people decide to get a divorce, their children do not wholly understand what is going on. RegardlessRead More The Negative Effects of Divorce on Children Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative Effects of Divorce on Children So many persons think divorce a panacea for every ill, find out, when they try it, that the remedy is worse than the disease (Qtd in Harper 192). Divorce, in any circumstance, rips a child apart, tossing him/her from one house to another, limiting time spent with his/her parents, and confusing him/her. There are very few reasons that would prove to be more beneficial for the parent to leave than to stay and endure his/her marriage. Usually it isRead MoreDivorces Have Negative Effects on Children Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pages In our nation divorce is a big part of life. Divorce is the legal dissolution of marriage or the termination of an existing relationship or union. Divorce starts with two adults but always ends up impacting the children in the biggest way. Sons and daughters of divorce often feel confused and abandoned, lose their family structure, and experience identity crisis. Many parents never bother to think of how divorce will affect their children. Children are impacted by divorce in multiple ways.Read MoreHow Does Divorce Create Long Term Negative Effects For Children? Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesDivorce is one of many controversial subjects in family and human development research. What inspired me to critically analyze the article â€Å"Does Divorce Create Long-Term Negative Effects for Children?† is the challenge it would be for me to put my bias aside considering I am from a divorced home. After reading the article and analyzing it over and over, I can’t help but think that the writer answering â€Å"YES† to this controversial question overlooked many variables and over generalized his findingsRead Morethe effects of divorce on children and adolescents Essay example1035 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The effects of Divorce on Children and adolescents Divorce or the parent separation is a major life change for the children and can lead to dreadful consequences. Divorce affects children and adolescents negatively, from different aspects resulting from the change in their family and the multiple stressors that they are facing. The Psychological, educational, emotional and social effects of divorce can be really devastating for both parent and children. Children andRead MoreChildren of Divorce Essay655 Words   |  3 Pages Summary Assignment Terrill Ray DeVry University ENGL 135 Summary Prewriting Theme: Family Topic: Children of Divorce Title: Consequences of parental divorce for child development. Hyun Sik Kim is likely against too much government influence on schools and feels that government control is detrimental. Intended audience: The American Sociological Review (ASR) publishes original (not previously published) works of interest to the discipline in general, new theoretical developments, results of qualitativeRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Child Development1194 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Divorce on Child Development I met the love of my life in my financial accounting class. He was charming, and intelligent, and he carried himself well. Early into our relationship I realized underneath this assuring exterior, was a broken, unstable man. He had issues with trust, and he always took many health risks. He explained to me how hard it was for him to attach himself to people because he figured they would leave anyways. Nothing is forever. he seemed to believe. On topRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze correlation, causation, and effect. One topic that has benefited from the use of statistics to measure its effects is divorce. Divorce is defined as the legal process of dissolving a marriage, thus separating two individuals (Merriam). From generation to generation, divorce has been on a steady increase. The annual rate of divorce more than doubled between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s (Croteau). As of recent, statistics show an increase in divorce ra tes from less than 20% to nearly 50%Read MoreEssay about The Effects of Divorce in American Culture1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently devastating the lives of many American children. More often than not people decide to get a divorce before they really think about the effects of divorce. People usually decide to get a divorce based on emotion rather than logic which

International Business Communication Phase Free Essays

The management team from the United States will be in charge of the staffing for said restaurants. There will be a meeting of Executives in the United States, to explain the project and provide everyone with the necessary information needed to complete the task at hand, also giving the chance for all the executives get acquainted. Communication is very important in the business world and is required when expanding business to other countries. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Communication Phase or any similar topic only for you Order Now To have a complete understanding of a different culture, there has to be respect of customs, manners, and ethnicities. It is important to understand being able to communicate both verbally and non- verbally is the key to success. Because each of the groups may speak a different language, it needs to be priority number one to make sure everyone is on the same page and there is no confusion. Some cultures can feel uncomfortable and insult others, when there is a lack of cultural understanding. Differing cultural standards of these countries include but are not limited to, politics, social, and education. The language hurdles are an issue because of the people not knowing the other language does not understand when people have questions or comments. This will disturb the demonstration because it can cause confusion with communication between the different people and can cause them to be confused of the meeting and the information that they need to operate the business as taught. Language barriers can also cause rational replies and destructive sensitive replies. There are many approaches to aid everyone to improve a relationship with each other to help in conveying, execution, and growth. Other approaches consist of creating a bond, ask questions about their culture, opinion, and customs, and listen courteously to all persons to gain a complete understanding and knowledge of their views and their culture Conveying proficiently will let agreeing conditions between businesses partners become more easily. The win-win model would be the best form of a negotiating model for negotiating each set of partners. The win-win model entails agreeing on terms, both sides believing they have won. Conditionally, there are different types of coming to terms more efficiently. The key to coming to an agreement, there needs to be an agreed upon set of terms both arties understanding what the other party wants, without taking away from the initial goal. A conflict can possibly arise, if there is a conflict of interest or if one feels one way and the other individual feels another way. When conflict arises, it is very important to know that there is a conflict and a resolution is required. The outcome of a conflict can be either positive or negative. There are many techniques that can be developed to assist in handling conflict. It is important to know how important it is to satisfy your own needs and the needs of the other individual needs. To overcome conflicts, there are many strategies that you can use. Taking care of you and knowing yourself consist of understanding triggers and creating a better environment. The next strategy is to clarify the personal needs that are threatened by the conflict. To clarify the personal needs, means to be substantive and identify what the desired outcome of the negotiation process is. Find a safe place to negotiate is another strategy that consists of appropriate space to negotiate, appropriate time, and agreeing on the ground rules. Taking the time to listen ill help when conflict arises; because it will help you know what is being said by listening actively and help you have a clear understanding of what the other individual is saying. Specifically and clearly asserting your needs means to build from what you are hearing and using messages to clarify what is being said. Approaching flexibility and problem solving is a method for handling conflict and it means to find a solution or options identify the issues concisely and clearly, are open-minded, and to clarify what the criteria is for making the right decisions. Managing the issue calmly, patiently, and successfully will help to clarify any feelings, focus on the interests and needs, and to take a break. Also, implement and evaluate the issue and know what the cause was for the conflict and it will show you how to handle it if the situation was to arise again. Errors that can happen when negotiating contracts are very likely. Making sure when asking questions you leave the question open so the other party feels like they are being included. The other parties needs and expectations are considered, this helps them feel what they are proposing is not being disregarded. Self-defeating compromise is another mistake to avoid. This is cause from the fear of losing the deal or fear that the people you are negotiating with are taking advantage of you. Directing insensible messages is a no-no because it will show when a person is anxious or self-critical, the best thing to do is manage the problematic thoughts. Short term thinking will help to end the negotiating process fast and help gain immediate benefits. Talking too much is a mistake, because it can cause you to negotiate against yourself, rather than for yourself. When negotiating, you have to wait or pause and be informal able with being silent. Requiring face to face meetings is a mistake because it is best to negotiate at a distance. Negotiating at a distance will help come to a better agreement and it help an individual concentrate more on the high priority items by looking at the issues in an abstract way. Being too pasty is a mistake that is made by most individuals when negotiating because it makes things look desperate when you are trying to push an individual to say yes. Rather than push the individual to say you, you need to provide the individual what the chance to say not. How to cite International Business Communication Phase, Papers

Net Present Value and Washington State University free essay sample

Washington State University Finance 325 Practice Problems 1. What is the net present value of a project with the following cash flows and a required return of 12 percent? Year 0 1 2 3 Cash Flow -$28,900 $12,450 $19,630 $ 2,750 2. What is the net present value of a project that has an initial cash outflow of $12,670 and the following cash inflows? The required return is 11. 5 percent. Year 1 2 3 4 Cash Inflows $4,375 $ 0 $8,750 $4,100 3. A project will produce cash inflows of $1,750 a year for four years. The project initially costs $10,600 to get started. In year five, the project will be closed and as a result should produce a cash inflow of $8,500. What is the net present value of this project if the required rate of return is 13. 75 percent? 4. You are considering the following two mutually exclusive projects. The required rate of return is 11. 25 percent for project A and 10. 75 percent for project B. Which project should you accept and why? Year 0 1 2 3 Project A -$48,000 $18,400 $31,300 $11,700 Project B -$126,900 $ 69,700 $ 80,900 $ 0 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Net Present Value and Washington State University or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You are considering two mutually exclusive projects with the following cash flows. Will your choice between the two projects differ if the required rate of return is 8 percent rather than 11 percent? If so, what should you do? Year 0 1 2 3 Project A -$240,000 $ 0 $ 0 $325,000 Project B -$198,000 $110,800 $ 82,500 $ 45,000 6. A project will produce an operating cash flow of $7,300 a year for three years. The initial cash investment in the project will be $11,600. The net after-tax salvage value is estimated at $3,500 and will be received during the last year of the project’s life. What is the net present value of the project if the required rate of return is 11 percent? 1 Washington State University Finance 325 7. A project is expected to create operating cash flows of $22,500 a year for three years. The initial cost of the fixed assets is $50,000. These assets will be worthless at the end of the project. An additional $3,000 of net working capital will be required throughout the life of the project. What is the project’s net present value if the required rate of return is 10 percent? 8. A project will produce operating cash flows of $45,000 a year for four years. During the life of the project, inventory will be lowered by $30,000 and accounts receivable will increase by $15,000. Accounts payable will decrease by $10,000. The project requires the purchase of equipment at an initial cost of $120,000. The equipment will be depreciated straight-line to a zero book value over the life of the project. The equipment will be salvaged at the end of the project creating a $25,000 after-tax cash flow. At the end of the project, net working capital will return to its normal level. What is the net present value of this project given a required return of 14 percent? Answer Keys 1. NPV = ? $28,900 + $12,450 $19,630 $2,750 ; NPV = -$177. 62 (negative) + + 1 2 (1 + . 12) (1 + . 12) (1 + . 12) 3 2. NPV = ? $12,670 + NPV = $218. 68 3. NPV = ? $10,600 + NPV = -$1,011. 40 $4,375 $0 $8,750 $4,100 + + + 1 2 3 (1 + . 115) (1 + . 115) (1 + . 115) (1 + . 115) 4 $1,750 $1,750 $1,750 $1,750 $8,500 + + + + 1 2 3 4 (1 + . 1375) (1 + . 1375) (1 + . 1375) (1 + . 375) (1 + . 1375) 5 4. NPVA = ? $48,000 + $18,400 $31,300 $11,700 + + ; NPVA = $2,326. 46 1 2 (1 + . 1125) (1 + . 1125) (1 + . 1125)3 $69,700 $80,900 NPVB = ? $126,900 + + ; NPVB = $1,991. 56 1 (1 + . 1075) (1 + . 1075) 2 Difference in NPVs = $2,326. 46 $1,991. 56 = $334. 90 The answer states that the NPV of Project A exceeds the NPV of project B by about $335. 5. At 8 percent, Project A has the higher NPV. At 11 percent, Project B has the hi gher NPV. 6. $8,798. 29 7. $5,208. 11 8. $27,958. 66 2 Washington State University Finance 325 3

Islamic extremists believe that the only governmen Essays - Islam

Islamic extremists believe that the only government should be the one controlled by their god, and the only laws in place should be those that are laid out in the Qur'an and the Hadith. Because of this, they believe that democracy, liberalism, human rights, personal freedom, international law, and international instructions are illegal, and go against god. Western society happens to go against these beliefs in just about as many ways as possible, causing Islamic extremists to target western societies. This is especially true for the United States, who is recognized by jihadis as the center of liberalism and democracy, things that islamic extremists don't want to spread. Islamic extremists, because of their warped world view believe that it is their duty to rid the earth of democracy or it will destroy true Islam. Their thoughts are filled with violence, and they are taught that the conflict between the United States and Islam is part of a universal struggle between good and evil, truth and falsehood, belief and infidelity that has been going on since the beginning of time. They do not believe that their problems with the western world can be resolved with peace, but believe violence to be the only true solution. Extremists are even taught that if they die fighting for the end of democracy they will be guaranteed a spot in a "paradise of unimaginable delights". Overall, Islamic extremists are taught to hate anything and everything that goes against their religious doctrine, the Qur'an and the Hadith. They think it is the only system of law or government there should be in the world. Western society goes against these traditions in almost every way possible, supporting women's rights, accepting homosexuality, and using secular democracy. This causes them to hate us deeply, as they are taught from birth that western people and society is the infidel, and must be killed to prevent the destruction of true Islam.

Sociological Concept Womens Social Standing

Sociological Concept Womens Social Standing Introduction Sociological concepts are specific ways in sociology of approaching any given phenomenon. They assist us to get insight picture of the social world that goes beyond justifications that rely on individual characters and idiosyncrasies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Concept: Women’s Social Standing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also assist us to view the general social pattern of an individual’s behavior, and they usually presume that official justifications are self-serving and partial. Social perspective involves a conscious endeavor to go past what is obvious and question what is believed to be a common sense or what is believed to be true. It entails upholding objectivity by critically examining ideas, and accepting what may appear to be awkward or astonishing based on the substantiation. They study everything from actual elucidation to extensive generalization (Cha dwick, 2001). However, the early sociologists also presented a broad perception of the essentials of society. Their perceptions form the basis for the current theoretical paradigms or points of views, which offers them an orienting outline and an idealistic position for asking particular questions regarding social perspective. Paying closer attention to the concept of women’s social standing, gender aspects are now perceived as attributes of social structures influencing women’s roles and status in culturally and economically predetermined society. In addition, women’s status is also largely dependent on personal experience forming women’s outlook on their position in relation to men. Social Concept: Women’s Social Standing Due to the fact that members of society depend on social structures they live in, they strive to frame everyday situations in accordance with the rules dictated by a particular community. Currently, women are rigidly distinguish ed from men’ perception of social rules and concepts while being involved in social interaction. This is because they rely on different experiences creating specific frames and blocks of sociological concepts (Macionis and Gerber, 2009, p. 127). While considering women’s statuses in society, it is necessary to make reference to several aspects influencing their position and affiliation to a particular group. Aside from stereotypes ascribed to women, there are many other settings and conditions influencing their behavioral patterns. Depending on the status a women holds in society, she performs various roles, but when there is more than one social position assigned to a women, it can create a set of multiple roles. All these roles are closely associated with cultural and economic aspects providing shifts in social positions and roles. For instance, when it comes to developing countries, women are less bound to educational background, but are more affiliated to their fam ily roles being an important component of social identity.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In contrast, high-income economies provide more opportunities for people to spend more years as students and exercise family roles less frequently (Macionis and Gerber, 2009, p. 129). These disparities influence women’s perception in various settings and when people strive to break those stereotypes they encounter a number of challenges. Understanding women’s social position in the contemporary society is especially vital because the social reality itself dictates what roles and statuses should be performed by female representatives in our world community. The concept of social reality shape women’s perceptions, beliefs, and outlooks affecting the nature and character of social interaction. In particular, women’s marital and familial roles can be dictat ed by culture, stereotypes, identities and economic situation in a certain environment. The situation concerns the aspect of equality aspect that differs from society to society whose impact is far from positive. According to the research provided by Das and Gupta (1995), the family structures and role set can have a huge impact on resource distribution between two sexes in the family (p. 92). Specifically â€Å"high maternal mortality†¦is associated with the patriarchal family structure which reduces women’s autonomy and their share of material and social resources† (Das and Gupta, 1995, p. 92). In this regard, inequality in social positions generates much more serious problems than it can be viewed at a glance. Despite the presence of fixed stereotypes apropos of the concept of women’s social standing, women’s roles and statuses are gradually changing with the emergence of certain movements and trends among which the globalization process is the mo st powerful one. In this perspective, Hooks (2000) recognizes that the possibility that feminism defined as social equality with men might easily become a movement that would primarily affect the social standing of white women in middle- and upper-class groups while affecting only in a very marginal way that social status of working-class and poor women (p. 19). While evaluating this statement, most of female issues are closely related to the firmly established cultural overlays that prevent women from building new behavioral patterns and performing new, more acceptable roles in the globalized society. At the same time, there are specific social positions that women are reluctant to drop because it can negatively influence their social and cultural identities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Concept: Women’s Social Standing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Women’s social position is largel y dependent on class, age, gender and ethnicity backgrounds. The construction of a particular identity is often based on personal experience, acceptance, and outlooks on the above-presented issues. With regard to this, Chrisler and McCreary (2010) have highlight male-female disparities concerning gender aspects and have stated that â€Å"women were viewed as appropriately marrying relatively early (between ages 19 and 24), as past their period of maximal responsibility at 40, and as having accomplished most of what they would accomplish by 45† (p. 570). The presented disposition reveals the differences in roles that women perform as compared to males who are more likely to take similar responsibilities at later stages. The influence of gender difference on social roles is also associated with behavior patterns that align with the demands and functions of the role. Within the established framework, it is worth stating that gender is not merely an indicator of biological featur es; rather, gender identifies the constantly re-created changes to individual socialization and social interaction. In this regard, gender is an important attribute of social structures. According to Brinkerhorf et al. (2007), biological differences can be reinforced by social stereotypes because men and women are often imposed by conceptions concerning how males and females should look like. Indeed, physical and biological characteristics can be considered the core aspects in assessing women in certain social practices, like sport, medicine, fashion, etc. Furthermore, â€Å"[g]ender is built into social structure when workplaces don’t provide day care; women don’t receive equal pay, fathers, don’t receive paternity leave, basket balls, executive chairs, and power drills are sized to fit the average man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brinkerhorff et al., 2007, p. 203). Interpreting this, producing changes to gender attitudes and roles can lead to social changes in case there a re simultaneous changes in social structures and gender issues. At the same time, as soon social structures undergo changes, gender roles are also influenced by shifts in perception. Discussing the Concept of Women’s Social Standing with Regard to Existing Theoretical Approaches Currently, sociologists employ three main perspectives or theories, namely: conflict, interactionist, and functionalist perspective. All these approaches can be disclosed through the concept of women’s social standing and its role in society. In order to understand this social perspective, it is necessary to consider the above-proposed theories in more detail with regard to the role of women in social interaction.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conflict theory Many sociologists refer to role conflict as a result of confrontation of two or more statuses hold by people. Women can experience role conflict when they are forced to take various directions while trying to respond to the statuses they currently take (Macionis and Gerber, 2009, p. 129). In this regard, conflict theory emphasizes material, social or political differences of a social group which analyzes the extensive socio-political structure, or which undermines ideological conservatism and structural functionalism (Thompson, 2005). This theory emanated from the sociology of crisis and social change. It is most commonly connected to Marxism as a response to functionalism. This theory focuses on conflict in the society; its discourse is on the occurrence of conflict and what causes conflict in the society. There are various modes of conflicts, one of them being that of revolution and warfare. These occur in phases because of rocky collations among different social c lasses. Domination is another mode of conflict in the conflict sociological perspective. Various social divisions tend to form different principles based on promotion of the welfare of their own class. Ideas of lower classes reveal the desire in their own lives while that of higher classes have more conceptual perspectives. Strikes in the current society have become a major social partition between the management and the employees in every organization (Macionis and Gerber, 2009, p. 131). Even if a woman takes a single social role, which is quite rare, it can also create tensions because of imposing various demands by other members of society. Role strain, hence, is a confrontation of roles attached to a single status. For instance, a woman can work as a teacher evaluating students’ achievements objectively and fairly. At the same time, she can behave more subjectively when treating her children. These two roles should not be confused; alternatively, it can lead to a role con flict. Fulfilling various roles connected to one status serves as a kind of balancing act. One approach to eliminating role conflict is separating dimensions of our life so that one can perform particular roles attached to one status and carry out other roles associated with another status in a completely different environment (Chrisler and McCleary, 2010, p. 571). The problem of role separations is specifically connected with separating family life from job and vice versa. Symbolic interactionist perspective Symbolic interactionist perspective is also referred to as symbolic interactionism. This kind of sociological perspective allows sociologists to consider the details and symbols of daily life, the meaning of these symbols and the way people interact with one another. It offers a serious thought on the manners in which people act, and seeks out to establish the meanings which people attach to their own deeds and symbols, also to those of others. There have been claims from criti cs that symbolic interactionist perspective does not take into account the macro levels of social understanding; in other terms, this perspective may neglect crucial issues in the society by directing more interest on the tree rather than the forest. For instance, it focuses more on the size of the ring rather than the quality of the marriage (Reynolds and Herman-Kinney, 2003, p. 173). There are also claims that symbolic interactionism also put less consideration on the influence of social institutions and forces on individual relations. When it comes to social interaction and women social position, symbolic interactionists refer to such concepts as ethno methodology and conversation analysis. These threefold relations are unveiled through consideration of meaning, language and social interaction, but in different ways. Hence, meaning implies the study of gestures, responses to those gestures and consequences of those interactions. Meaning can be presented beyond awareness of object ive existence of particular notions. Its objectiveness lies within a response scheme. Hence, there are certain gestures and acts that are predetermined by gender only making reference to cultural disposition, values and attitudes (Reynolds and Herman-Kinney, 2003, p. 174). Women’s social status imposes a number of such behavioral patterns and gestures indicating their roles and positions, which depend on cultural and social identities establish in a particular community. George Mead, an American philosopher introduced symbolic interactionism to American sociology in 1925 (Chadwick, 2001). Consider application of symbolic interactionist perspective to the institution of marriage; symbols may include a wedding cake, music, flowers, church ceremony and a bridal dress (Pacific Sociological Association, 2008). For instance, one partner may view the wedding ring as a mere expenditure while the other partner may view it as a sign of enduring love. Oral conversations, in which spoken words function as major symbols, make this personal understanding particularly apparent. The words bear some meaning for the sender, and they optimistically bear the same meaning for the recipient (Reynolds and Herman-Kinney, 2003, p. 180). In fact, anything can act as a symbol provided it refers to something beyond itself. Therefore, symbolic interactionism offers a serious thought on the manners in which people act, and seeks out to establish the meanings which people attach to their own deeds and symbols, also to those of others. Functionalist perspective Functionalist perspective has its center of attention on the input and output relationships and mental actions. It is based on the ideology that mental conditions are understood by effects of behavior, sensory stimulation and other inner acts. According to functionalism, the mental condition of a human being is not restricted to the biological systems of human organism; instead, computer and other non-biological systems, displa y functional relations that are similar to human biological systems and are believed to have similar mental condition. Specifically, structural functionalism is a broad theory which addresses social structure in terms of function of its basic elements including traditions, norms, institutions and customs. Additionally, it studies society as a structure with interconnected divisions (Pacific Sociological Association, 2008). This perspective has chronological resemblance with the application of scientific techniques in research and social theory. The structural-functionalist approach considers family as a social institution that carries out specific functions in society, like producing young generation, socializing, and providing emotional and physical care for family members. Accordingly, conventional gender roles also contribute to successful family functioning where women perform the role of managing houses and providing nurturing and emotional care to family members. However, rapi d social change and breakdown of a traditional social institution of family and marriage has led high rates of divorce, which is seen as the main social problem (Mooney, Knox, and Schacht, 2010, p. 157). In its turn, shifts in women’s roles and status within a family can also contribute to the problems of poverty, crimes, and substance abuse. Structural functionalism became very popular among the American sociologists between 1940 and 1954; it focused on ascertaining the functions of human behavior (Thompson, 2005). Robert Merton is one the American sociologist who divided human function into two kinds, namely latent functions and manifest functions. Latent functions are not apparent neither are they intentional, but, manifest functions are apparent and intentional (Ferrante, 2010, p. 29). Considering those functions, woman’s position in society can also be dependent on a latent and manifest functions perspective. For example, manifest function that each woman performs is that of a mother, a wife, or a daughter. These roles can be explicitly revealed in certain settings and they contribute to balance and stability in society. At the same time, performing a particular role, a woman can feel stressful due to excessive imposition of responsibility. Caring for children requires great responsibility and skills, which often lack because of experience gap and other issues. In general, women should strike the balance between the functions they perform to avoid dysfunctions and social changes these functions undergo. Apparently, feminism is the result of latent functions coming to the forth. With regard to the sociological concepts studied, functionalisms can disclose distinctive features of women’s perceptions, reactions that contribute to building behavioral patterns in various social frameworks (Macionis and Gerber, 2009, p. 127). Owing to the fact that mental states are not limited to a particular behavior models, they can be realized in numero us ways. For instance, a silicon-based machine could, in principle, have the same sort of mental life like that of a human being. However, this would only be when its cognitive system realizes proper functional roles. Hence, women’s role in a particular setting is largely predetermined by earlier established patterns that have been formed on at a mental level of perception. Conclusion The concept of women’s social standing is predetermined by women’s particular roles they perform in culturally and economically predetermined societies. Aside from traditions and stereotypical images attached to women and their place in social structures, they are often affected by gender, race, and age factors being the attributes of social structures as well. Furthermore, women’s social position considerably depends on educational background and personal experience that forms women’s values, outlooks, and beliefs in certain settings. Therefore, the presence of certa in sociological concepts assists people in understanding the social world going beyond judgments and justifications and relying on particular characters and idiosyncrasies. Additionally, understanding social roles of women contributes to better analysis of behavioral patterns existing in society that influence the overall appraisal of social constructions. Owing to the fact that all members of society depend on those social structures, they strive to frame life situations within the rules and clichà ©s dictated by a particular community. This issue considerably affects women because global shifts in perceptions influence specific social and cultural frames women got accustomed to. Reference List Brinkerhoff, D. B., White, L. K., and Ortega, S. T. (2007). Essentials of Sociology. US: Cengage Learning. Chadwick, R. (2001). Native Americans today: sociological concepts. Chicago: Harper Collins. Chrisler, J. C., and McCreary, D. R. (2010). Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. US : Springer. Das, M. S., and Gupta, V. K. (1995). Social Status of Women in Developing Countries. New Delhi: M D Publications PVT LTD. Ferrante, J. (2010). Sociology: A Global Perspective. US: Cengage Learning. Hooks, B. (2000). Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. US: Pluto Press. Macionis, J., Gerber, L. (2009). Sociology. Canada: Pearson Education Mooney, L. A. Knox, D., and Schacht, C. (2010). Understanding Social Problems. US: Cengage Learning. Pacific Sociological Association, (2008). Sociological concepts: SP: official publication of perspectives. New York: Routledge press. Reynolds, L. T., and Herman-Kinney, N. J. (2003). Handbook of symbolic interactionism. UK: Rowman Altamira. Thompson, K. (2005). Sociological concepts. New York: Penguin Group

Hand hygiene Critiquing an article using Quallitative technique Assignment

Hand hygiene Critiquing an article using Quallitative technique - Assignment Example s a seminal moment in the nursing field has been published; Karen Lee’s article â€Å"student and infection prevention and control nurses’ hand hygiene decision making in stimulated clinical scenarios and the use of hand washing, gel and glove† is one such articles. This paper shall candidly and comprehensively critique the aforementioned article. Firstly, research critique is an informed stepwise process of carefully and objectively gauging the weaknesses and strengths of a particular study with the particular motive of improving the research skills by effecting changes in the critiqued or apparently wrong or weak areas or sections. While there are many frameworks used in critiquing a research, this paper critiques Lee’s article using the step-by-step guide posited by Patricia Cronin, Michael Coughlan, and Frances Ryan (2007). To begin with, the title of a research should be precise, 15-20 words, contain key terminologies in the pertinent field, arouse curiosity and interest while attracting the readers’ attention. While the title of Lee’s research strives to be objective, Lee ends up with an excessively long title, 27 words, that is more general and lacking details as it simply mentions controlling of infections through hand hygiene in nurses and students. Shortening the title and adding more terminologies that will ground it in the nursing field will create a more professional look and make the article quite enlightening without the need to go into finer details in the body of the research (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2006). The author’s professional and academic qualification significantly determines their ability to deliver in a given field. Polit and Berk (2009) assert that the author’s attained domain, integrity and professional be reflected in a research article. Lee meets this threshold as he has an apposite academic, and proficient qualification in the nursing field having taught in a medicine school for 30 years. The article’s credibility,

Deep Vein Thrombosis PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deep Vein Thrombosis - PowerPoint Presentation Example Immediate concerns with a diagnosis of DVT are stroke and pulmonary embolism, as the clot in his leg could break off and cause either of these potentially fatal situations. Mr. Roberts denies any chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, or headaches, indicating he is not currently at risk for these concerns. DVT Cause It is important to understand the cause of Mr. Roberts’s DVT to prevent future clots and to increase positive outcomes of his treatment. One of the biggest causes of DVT is surgery. Often times, surgeons can damage venous walls or intercellular matrix, releasing clotting factors and causing DVTs (sloc.org). Mr. Roberts has not had any recent surgery indicating that this is probably not the cause of his DVT. DVT can also be caused by obesity and a sedentary lifestyle (sloc.org). Mr. Roberts’s BMI indicates that this is probably the cause of his DVT. In order to prevent future DVTs, Mr. Roberts should be counseled about increasing daily physical activity, mak ing modifications to his diet, and the use of his hypercholesterolemia medication. Another potential cause of Mr. Roberts’s DVT is his hypercholesterolemia. Increased lipids in the blood can form clots, which can lodge in the deep veins of the extremities and cause a DVT in some cases (sloc.org). Mr. Roberts’s DVT is probably exacerbated by his discontinuation of his hypercholesterolemia medication, as this behavior would increase his lipids and potentially add to previous clots or form new ones. In addition to his treatment regimen, Mr. Roberts should be counseled on the dangers of quitting his hypercholesterolemia medication without consulting medical personnel. Treatment Regimen There are two parts to Mr. Roberts’s treatment regimen: initial treatment and maintained treatment. The purpose of the initial treatment should be controlling Mr. Robert’s partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and his INR while attempting to dissolve the clot in his leg. To achieve this, heparin is given initially in a bolus dose at 80 units/kg. After this initial bolus dose, Mr. Roberts will be on a maintenance dose of heparin at 16 units/kg. For Mr. Roberts, this means a 7000 unit bolus dose and a maintenance dose of 1640 units/hour which will continue for ten days. These doses were developed based on formulas posted on the accompanying powerpoint presentation, and were based off of calculated dosage weight (surgery.ucsf.edu). During these ten days, Mr. Roberts’s PTT needs to be monitored every 6 hours until 2 consecutive in-range tests are performed. Adjustments to the dosage can be made based on the provided chart. Once in range, PTTs need to be done every 24 hours. After ten days, Mr. Roberts should be evaluated and hopefully can discontinue his heparin regimen. The maintained treatment portion of Mr. Roberts’s treatment regimen is warfarin. When beginning warfarin, an initial INR needs to be taken in order to calculate an accurate dose. Ba sed on Mr. Roberts age, BMI, and use of hypercholesterolemia medications, 3mg was decided as an appropriate starting dose. Mr. Roberts’s INR should be measured daily and I have recommended an at home testing device. Mr. Roberts dose will need to be adjusted to make sure his INR falls in the target range of 2-3. Mr. Roberts will continue the warfarin daily until he can successfully maintain an INR of 2-3 without it. This should take between three and six months, but could potentially take longer

Write a research paper about Crime and Economics or Crime and Age, or Essay

Write a research paper about Crime and Economics or Crime and Age, or Crime and Race, or Crime and Gender, or Geographical impact on crime - Essay Example Great emphasis has been more on male criminality than female offenders. Gender and societal norms are among factors that attribute to gender crime gap and constantly regulate rate of crimes that women commit. Males as well as female usually commit crimes that involve substance abuse and property crimes. These kinds of crimes fall into the category of minor misconduct. It is vital to note that a number of crimes that are much serious in comparison to murder and robbery do exist. Crimes committed in the past few decades involved larceny, rape, and other minor misconducts. Trends are slowly changing, and the number of female criminality seems to be on the rise. Evans (2013) points that the number women arrested by police for law-breaking is par with that of men. However, it is essential to evaluate the kind and degree of crimes that each gender commits. It is astounding to note that the rise in female criminality includes crimes that involve forgery, fraud, as well as theft and not in traditional female crimes that include prostitution and child abuse. Besides the above reasons that attempt to explain the disparity in male and female criminality, it is essential to consider emotional strength and societal norms. The perception of diverse individuals is that men are physically stronger compared to women. Thus, they are capable of committing crimes, which are violent. Gender norms dictated and sustained by society seem to influence lower crime rate of female criminality significantly. Composition of femininity is usually within varied discourses that circumscribe the behavior of a woman, as well as the association that she has with different individuals (Korcha et al., 2014). Several factors governing a woman’s experience include her mind, body, as well as her social interaction. Some individuals equate femininity with independence and self-control. Thus, a normal woman, is one who is selfless, nurturing and caring regarding the needs of

Substitution reaction

Substitution reaction Introduction Substitution reaction of chemistry substitution reaction are also called displacement reactions .These are the reactions in which an atom or a group of atoms attached to a carbon atom in a molecule is replaced by some other atom or group of atoms without any change in the structure of the remaining part of the molecule. The product formed is known as the substitution product. The new atom or group which enters the molecule is called the substituent. Some example of substitution reactions are: CHâ‚„+clâ‚‚ → CHâ‚Æ'cl+Hcl Methane Methyl chloride Here H-atom of CHâ‚„ is replaced by chloride atom. CHâ‚Æ'-CHâ‚‚Br+KOH (aq) → CHâ‚Æ'CHâ‚‚OH+KBr Ethyl bromide Ethyl alcohol Here Br atom of ethyl bromide is replaced by OH group. CHâ‚Æ' -CHâ‚‚ = CHâ‚‚ → ClCHâ‚‚ -CH=CHâ‚‚ + Hcl Propene Allyl chloride Here H-atom of CHâ‚Æ' group is replaced by cl-atom Types of substitution reaction Depending upon the nature of attacking reagent, substitution reactions can be classified as below: a) Electrophilic Substitution Reactions : These are the reactions in which an atom or group in a molecule is replaced by an electrophile. Such reactions are shown by aromatic compound. CHâ‚…+HONO₂→ CHâ‚…NOâ‚‚+H â‚‚0 CHâ‚…+ NO₂→CHâ‚… NOâ‚‚+H â‚‚0 (H â‚‚s0 â‚„) Here Nitronium ion (NOâ‚‚ ions )acts as an electrophile and the process is called nitration. Mechanism. Consider the chlorination of benzene in presence of halogen carrier(Feclâ‚Æ') Feclâ‚Æ'+cl-cl → Fecl₄⠁ »+cl(chloronium ion) Electrophiles are involved in electrophilic substitution reactions and particularly in electrophilic aromatic substitutions: Electrophilic reactions to other unsaturated compounds than arenes generally lead to electrophilic addition rather than substitution. B) Necleophilic Substitution Reactions:- These are the reaction sin which an atom or a group in a molecule is replaced by a nuclophile. Such reactions are shown by alkyl halides. Consider the action of aqueous KOH on methyl chloride. HO⠁ »+H -CHâ‚Æ' Cl→ Ho-cHâ‚Æ'OH+cl⠁ » A nucleophile (literally nucleus lover) is a molecule or ion capable of acting as a Lewis base (i.e., an electron pair donor). Nucleophiles can be described as electron-rich while their targets or substrates can be described as electron-deficient (they are Lewis acids, i.e., electron pair acceptors). In a nucleophilic substitution the nucleophile takes the place ofor substitutes forsome atom or group on the substrate (called the leaving group): Nu: + R:L → R:Nu+ + :L- nucleophile substrate product leaving group If the nucleophile is neutral (as shown above) the product will be charged since the leaving group takes both bonding electrons away with it. If the nucleophile is an anion then the product will be neutral: Nu: + R:L → R:Nu + :L- Stronger bases make better nucleophiles (e.g., OH- is a better nucleophile than H2O). Good substrates include cations, central atoms with incomplete octets or double bonds (like sp2 carbons) or carbons with partial positive charges. Halogens are generally more electronegative than carbon and so organohalogen compounds are usually subject to nucleophilic attack at the carbon attached to the halogen (which would be the positive end of a dipole). For example, 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (commonly known as t-butyl chloride) will undergo nucleophilic substitution with hydroxide ion: (CH3)3CCl + OH → (CH3)3COH + Cl This is a typical synthetic route for producing an alcohol from an alkyl halide. Nucleophilic substitution reactions have been studied for many years. It was noticed fairly early that while the overall reaction was similar in the vast majority of cases the kinetics of the process was not always the same. In some substitutions the concentration of the nucleophile had no effect on the rate. In others, the rate was directly proportional to the concentration of the nucleophile. This suggested that two different mechanisms must be at work. The factor which determines the mechanism employed is typically the nature of the substrate itself and NOT the particular nucleophile. Necleophilic substitution reactions are further classified as:- 1)Necleophilic substitution Biomolecular :- Such reaction sare shown by primary alkyl halides and involve a single step. The breaking of C-X bond and the making of C-OH bond takes place simultaneously. The neucleophile approaches the C-atom from the side opposite to that carrying the halogen. In such reactions, an inverted product is formed. The reaction involves the formation of a transition state. The reaction follows the rate law, Rate=k[Alkyl halide][OH]. As the slow rate determining step involves two molecule(Alkyl halide and alkali); therefore, the reaction is known as bimolecular substitution reaction. Most necleophilic substitutions, which involve the expulsion of an originally neutral substituent ,notably of halogen, from the aromatic ring,at temperature which are not particularly high,use the biomolecular mechanism SN2. This is established by their second order kinetics, which are documented by many records, (NOâ‚‚)â‚‚CHâ‚Æ'†¢Cl+OEt⠁ »Ã¢â€ â€™(NOâ‚‚)â‚‚CHâ‚Æ'†¢OEt+Cl⠁ » In substitution of this type,the rate of attack by different reagent on the same aromatic molecules follow the general order of nucleophilic strength towards carbon. This is the conclusion to which Bunnatt and Zahler come after having assembled data from many sources. The first mechanism is known as SN1 (substitution, nucleophilic, unimolecular) because only one molecule is involved in the first stepthe rate determining step. Reactions occurring by this mechanism should exhibit first-order kinetics, i.e., the rate law should have the form rate = k[substrate]1. Because the nucleophile is not involved until after the slow step its concentration will have no effect on the rate. The alternate mechanism is called SN2 (substitution, nucleophilic, bimolecular) because two molecules are involved in the rate determining (and only) step. Such reactions exhibit overall second-order kinetics. The rate is proportional to both the concentration of the substrate and the concentration of the nucleophile. Reactions like this will have a rate law in the form rate = k[substrate] [nucleophile] 2) Nucleophilic Substitution Unimolecular:- This mechanism is generally followed by tertiary alkyl halide. In the first step, tertiary alkyl halie breaks hydrolytically to form intermediate carbonium ion. The formation of carbonium ion is the slow rate determing step. In the second step, the nucleophile attacks tha carbonium ion to form an alcohol. Consider the action of aqueous KOH or tertiary Butyl bromide. CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' ____ C-Br ⇄ CHâ‚Æ' C +Br⠁ » (Slow Step) CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' ____ C + OH⠁ » ⇄ CHâ‚Æ' C +OH (Fast Step) CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚Æ' (carbonium ion) Tert. butyl alcohol Or The best established eample of nucleophilic aromatic substitution by the unimolecular mechanism ,SN1,is the uncatalysed decomposition of diazoium ions,in hydroxylic solvent,to give phenols or phhenolic ethers,accomplished often byaryl halides or others such substitution products, if the necessary necleophilic anions are present in the solution: ArNâ‚‚+ → Ar+Nâ‚‚ (Slow) Ar+Hâ‚‚o →Ar†¢ OH+H (fast) Ar+ROH→Ar†¢OR+H (Fast) Ar +cl ⠁ »Ã¢â€ â€™ Ar†¢ Cl (Fast) These are SN1 mechanism . The alternate mechanism is called SN2 (substitution, nucleophilic, bimolecular) because two molecules are involved in the rate determining (and only) step. Such reactions exhibit overall second-order kinetics. The rate is proportional to both the concentration of the substrate and the concentration of the nucleophile. Reactions like this will have a rate law in the form rate = k[substrate] [nucleophile] 3) Free Radicals Subsitution Reactions[1.2.3] These are the reactions in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by a free radical. The replacement of H- atom by a halogen atom is an example of free radicals substitution.In the free radical substitution reaction, the attacking reagent is a free radicals. These reactions are carried either at high temperature or in the presence of ultra-violet light. In organic chemistry, a radical substitution reaction is a substitution reaction involving free radicals as a reactive intermediate The reaction always involves at least two steps, and possibly a third. In the first step called initiation (2,3) a free radical is created by photolysis. Homolysis can be brought about by heat or light but also by radical initiators such as organic peroxides or azo compounds. Light is used to create two free radicals from one diatomic species. The final step is called termination (6,7) in which the radical recombines with another radical species. If the reaction is not terminated, but instead the radical group(s) go on to react further, the steps where new radicals are formed and then react is collectively known as propagation (4,5) because a new radical is created available for secondary reactions. Mechanism. The mechanism of free radicals substitution involves three steps:- I) Initiation :- In this step, halogen molecule breaks homolyticallly to form free radicals. Consider the action of Brâ‚‚ on ethane in presence of sunlight. Br-Br Br II) Propagation step: The Br formed in the first step reacts with alkane molecule to form new free radicals which in turn reacts with bromine molecule and the chain react ion starts and so on. CHâ‚Æ'CHâ‚Æ'+Br →CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚‚+HBr CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚‚+Br -Br →CHâ‚Æ' CHâ‚‚Br+Br 3) Termination.: In this step, the free radicals combine and the reaction stops. Br + Br → Brâ‚‚ Similarly, consider action of Clâ‚‚ on propene. I) cl cl→ 2Cl II) CHâ‚‚=CH- CHâ‚Æ'+Cl→ CHâ‚‚=CH- CHâ‚‚+HCl CHâ‚‚=CH- CHâ‚‚+Cl-Cl→ CHâ‚‚=CH-CHâ‚‚Cl+Cl Substitution Reactions[1.2.3] Substitution Reactions. In an acid-base reaction such as CH3CO2H + NH3 → CH3CO2 + NH4+ the N acts as a nucleophile (Greek for â€Å"loving the nucleus), the H acts as an electrophile (â€Å"loves electrons†), and the O that accepts the pair of electrons acts as a leaving group. The acid-base reaction is the simplest model for a substitution reaction, which is a reaction in which a ÏÆ' bond between atom 1 and atom 2 is replaced by a ÏÆ' bond between atom 1 and atom 3. Substitution reactions are incredibly important in organic chemistry, and the most important of these involve substitutions at C. For example: This substitution reaction, discovered in 1849, involves the nucleophilic O making a new bond to the electrophilic C, and the bond between the electrophilic C and the leaving group I breaking. Any Brà ¸nsted base can also act as a nucleophile, and any nucleophile can also act as a Brà ¸nsted base, but some compounds are particularly good bases and particularly poor nucleophiles, whereas some are particularly poor bases and particularly good nucleophiles. Any Brà ¸nsted or Lewis acid can also act as an electrophile, but there are many electrophiles that are neither Brà ¸nsted nor Lewis acids (as in the example above). A haloalkane, e.g. CH3CH2Br, can in principle undergo either of two polar reactions when it encounters a lone pair nucleophile, e.g. MeO-. First, MeO- might replace Br- at the electrophilic C atom, forming a new C-O bond and giving an ether as the product. This is substitution, because the C-Br ÏÆ' bond is replaced with a C-O ÏÆ' bond. Second, MeO- might attack a H atom that is adjacent to the electrophilic C atom, giving MeOH, Br-, and an alkene as products. The electrons in the C-H bond move to form the Ï€ bond, and the electrons in the C-X bond leave with X-. This is elimination, because a new Ï€ bond is formed, and because the elements of the organic starting material are now divided between more tha n one product. Elimination requires that the substrate have a C-X bond and adjacent C-H bonds, while substitution requires only that the substrate have a C-X bond. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction The name in the title in given to those substitution in whichnucleophilic reagent, such as Br⠁ », combine with aromatic carbon and aprecltyuviously present substituent such as †¢Cl,†¢NOâ‚‚, becomes expelled along with its bonding electrons With considerable difficultly even †¢H may be expelled with its bonding electrons i.e at H⠁ ». Biomolecular substitution reaction electron attracting substituent especially one conjugated with aromatic system such as nitro,carbonyl,syano aids the attack of the reagent and a 2-or 4-situated hetero atom ,as n pyridine ,acts in a similar way. Neuclophilic aromatic substtion can proceed by several,mechanism. The Unimolecular and Biomolecular mechanism can definitely be recognized and other mechanism some of which are understood,can be seen to exist. The unimolecular mechanism is limited to the replacement of those substituents which are sufficiently loosely bound to undergo spontaneous heterlysis in solution. The biomolecular mechanism is muc more general, doubtless because it make much less severe demands on thequality of the explled group,so that a hydrogen shift involved.

Woman Warrior :: essays research papers

In the book The Woman Warrior, by Maxine Kingston, a story of a girl trapped between the culture of her family’s past and the culture currently surrounding her is presented. The girl, Maxine, enters into conflict with her mother and what can be explained as an old and traditional China. Maxine’s own beliefs are found in the newer American way of life with her attempts to assimilate to the culture, making it difficult for her to feel any relation between the two very different environments. It is through these tribulations that Maxine is a â€Å"woman warrior† coming to age as a Chinese-American.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maxine, being of the first generation of her family to be born in America, only knows about China from what she hears in her mother’s â€Å"talk-stories.† These stories are told to act as lessons on how the Chinese people were and should be, and are often vary critical. In â€Å"No Name Woman,† the tale of Maxine’s aunt who was shunned from her family for having an affair shows how careful young women must be when growing up in Chinese culture. â€Å"My aunt haunts me—her ghost drawn to me because now, after fifty years of neglect, I alone devoted pages to her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (17). Maxine feels remorse and can relate to her aunt because she too feels a sense of alienation from her traditional Chinese and seemingly narrow-minded heritage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the start of â€Å"At the Western Palace,† an encounter between Brave Orchid, Maxine’s mother, and Moon Orchid, her other aunt, shows Maxine how far removed from Chinese culture she really is. The daily routines, clothing, foods, and the style of eating all seem normal to Maxine, but are a real culture shock for recently arrived Moon Orchid. The false assumptions about American life that her mother helped plague her mind with, begin to die. America represents the new life and change, which Maxine and eventually her family long to be a part of. â€Å"Oh, Sister, I am so happy here. No one ever leaves. We are all women here.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though struggles about her mother’s talk-stories, and her experiences in America with her family, Maxine works toward knowing what it is to be a Chinese-American.